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Profile image for Grace Abuhamad

Grace Abuhamad

United States

Public Policy Manager

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Nora Abusitta-Ouri

Nora Abusitta-Ouri

United States

SVP, Development & Public Responsibility Programs

Staff
Profile image for Corinna Ace

Corinna Ace

United States

Associate Product Manager

Staff
Profile image for Charmayne Adams

Charmayne Adams

Sr. Payroll Administrator

Staff
Profile image for Terri Agnew

Terri Agnew

United States

Secretariat Services Coordinator, GNSO & At-Large

Staff
Profile image for Eleeza Agopian

Eleeza Agopian

United States

Lead Researcher

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Yan Agranonik

Yan Agranonik

Contractual Compliance Risk and Audit Manager

Staff
Profile image for Brian Aitchison

Brian Aitchison

United States

Lead Researcher, GDD, Operations and Policy Research

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Seda Akbulut

Seda Akbulut

Turkey

Lead Global Support Analyst

Staff
Profile image for Adiel Akplogan

Adiel Akplogan

Canada

VP Technical Engagement

Staff
Profile image for Sawsan Aldawodi

Sawsan Aldawodi

United States

Language Expert - Head Interpreter

Civil SocietyDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Ali Alkhudairi

Ali Alkhudairi

Sr. Salesforce Administrator

Staff
Profile image for Steve Allison

Steve Allison

United States

Sr. Product Manager

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Kimberly Alston

Kimberly Alston

United States

Operations Specialist III

Staff
Profile image for Carlos Alvarez

Carlos Alvarez

United States

Security Engagement (SSR Technical), Sr. Manager

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Eduardo Alvarez

Eduardo Alvarez

United States

Technical Services Sr. Manager

Staff
Profile image for Pablo Alvarez

Pablo Alvarez

Senior Systems Engineer

Staff
Profile image for Shaunte Anderson

Shaunte Anderson

United States

Information Security Audit Associate

Staff
Profile image for Elizabeth Andrews

Elizabeth Andrews

United States

Research Analyst

Staff
Profile image for Roy Arends

Roy Arends

United Kingdom

Principal Research Scientist

Staff
Profile image for Francisco Arias

Francisco Arias

Director, Technical Services

Staff
Profile image for Akram Atallah

Akram Atallah

United States

President, Global Domains Division

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Yaovi Atohoun

Yaovi Atohoun

Stakeholder Engagement & Ops Mngr - Africa

Staff
Profile image for Fiona Aw

Fiona Aw

Singapore

Global Communications Coordinator

Staff
Profile image for Jade Aw

Jade Aw

Singapore

Registry Services & Engagement Manager

DNS MarketplaceTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Amanda Baber

Amanda Baber

United States

IANA Sr. Specialist

Staff
Profile image for Christopher Bare

Christopher Bare

United States

Manager, GDD Operations

Staff
Profile image for Connor Barthold

Connor Barthold

Information Security Engineer

Staff
Profile image for Ted Bartles

Ted Bartles

Executive Technical Producer

Staff
Profile image for Fahd Batayneh

Fahd Batayneh

Jordan

Stakeholder Engagement Manager - Middle East

DNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Joshua Baulch

Joshua Baulch

Manager, Meetings Technical Services

Staff
Profile image for Andrea Beccalli

Andrea Beccalli

Stakeholder Engagement Manager - Europe

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Laura Bengford

Laura Bengford

United States

Director, Product Managment for Community Services

Developing WorldTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Susanna Bennett

Susanna Bennett

Chief Operating Officer

Staff
Profile image for Fabien Betremieux

Fabien Betremieux

Sr Registry Services & Engagement Manager

Staff
Profile image for Geoff Bickers

Geoff Bickers

Director Security

Staff
Profile image for Megan Bishop

Megan Bishop

United States

Board Operations Coordinator

Staff
Profile image for Amy Bivins

Amy Bivins

United States

Registrar Policy Services Manager

DNS MarketplaceDeveloping World

Staff
Profile image for John Bond

John Bond

DNS Operations Manager

Staff
Profile image for Jonathan Boswell

Jonathan Boswell

Lead Technical Writer

Staff
Profile image for Bart Boswinkel

Bart Boswinkel

Sr Director, ccNSO Policy Development Support

Staff
Profile image for Joke Braeken

Joke Braeken

Germany

Policy Advisor

StaffCommunity
Profile image for Mike Brennan

Mike Brennan

United States

Meetings Technical Services Specialist

Staff
Profile image for Brenda Brewer

Brenda Brewer

United States

Projects and Operations Assistant

Staff
Profile image for Michelle Bright

Michelle Bright

Board Operations Content Manager

Staff
Profile image for Shunda Brooks

Shunda Brooks

Operations Specialist II

Staff
Profile image for Duncan Burns

Duncan Burns

United States

VP, Global Communications

Civil SocietyDNS MarketplaceDeveloping WorldGovernmentTechnology

Staff
Profile image for Desiree Cabrera

Desiree Cabrera

United States

Executive Assistant

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Domain Name System
Internationalized Domain Name ,IDN,"IDNs are domain names that include characters used in the local representation of languages that are not written with the twenty-six letters of the basic Latin alphabet ""a-z"". An IDN can contain Latin letters with diacritical marks, as required by many European languages, or may consist of characters from non-Latin scripts such as Arabic or Chinese. Many languages also use other types of digits than the European ""0-9"". The basic Latin alphabet together with the European-Arabic digits are, for the purpose of domain names, termed ""ASCII characters"" (ASCII = American Standard Code for Information Interchange). These are also included in the broader range of ""Unicode characters"" that provides the basis for IDNs. The ""hostname rule"" requires that all domain names of the type under consideration here are stored in the DNS using only the ASCII characters listed above, with the one further addition of the hyphen ""-"". The Unicode form of an IDN therefore requires special encoding before it is entered into the DNS. The following terminology is used when distinguishing between these forms: A domain name consists of a series of ""labels"" (separated by ""dots""). The ASCII form of an IDN label is termed an ""A-label"". All operations defined in the DNS protocol use A-labels exclusively. The Unicode form, which a user expects to be displayed, is termed a ""U-label"". The difference may be illustrated with the Hindi word for ""test"" — परीका — appearing here as a U-label would (in the Devanagari script). A special form of ""ASCII compatible encoding"" (abbreviated ACE) is applied to this to produce the corresponding A-label: xn--11b5bs1di. A domain name that only includes ASCII letters, digits, and hyphens is termed an ""LDH label"". Although the definitions of A-labels and LDH-labels overlap, a name consisting exclusively of LDH labels, such as""icann.org"" is not an IDN."